Vesilute is a mix of nucleotides (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, the energy carriers and building blocks of cells), nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine), free nucleobases, and related breakdown products, all taken from cow brain tissue. Cells can use these directly to make ATP (the cell's energy molecule) through a salvage pathway (a recycling route run by enzymes called nucleoside kinases). This skips the de novo pathway (building from scratch), which costs much more energy. Nucleosides cross the blood-brain barrier (the filter that protects the brain) using transporter proteins (the CNT and ENT families), so they can reach the central nervous system. Inside nerve cells and glial cells (the brain's support cells), kinase enzymes (deoxynucleotide kinase and nucleoside kinase) turn nucleosides into nucleotides, which rebuilds ATP stores. These compounds also act as signals. They bind P1 (adenosine) and P2 (ATP/ADP) purinergic receptors (docking points for these molecules) on nerve and glial cell surfaces, which switches on protective pathways. Vesilute improves blood flow in the brain by widening vessels through adenosine receptors. It lowers damage to nerve cells from low blood supply by blocking P2Y-receptor-driven calcium overload (a flood of calcium that overexcites and kills nerve cells). The preparation also supplies raw material for making DNA and RNA, which supports nerve cell adaptability and protein production during recovery.